Getting to know the German education system

Navigating the German education system is essential if you're relocating to Germany with children. The system comprises preschool, primary, secondary, and tertiary levels, with mandatory full-time schooling for ages six to 15 and generally continuing until 18. Most schools are state-run and tuition-free, but private and international options are available.

German education standards are high, and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research oversees the system, although each state has its own regulations and standards. As education varies by region, it's important to explore your options carefully when choosing a school in Germany.

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Pre-school education in Germany

In Germany, pre-school education is available for children under three in nurseries (Kinderkrippen) and for those aged three to six in pre-schools (Kindergarten/Kita). These options may offer morning, full-day, evening, and weekend programs, with some being private, public, or church-run, resulting in varying fees based on income and location.

Bilingual preschools are also present in major cities. While both nurseries and pre-schools are optional, they provide a valuable opportunity for expat children to learn and play alongside German peers, immersing themselves in the language and culture. In some regions, five-year-olds can join preschool classes (Vorklassen) as a preparatory step for primary school.

Primary education in Germany

In Germany, primary education, known as Grundschule, is mandatory for children, typically starting in the autumn term of the year they turn six. However, specific cut-off dates may apply depending on the state. Primary education typically spans four grades (1-4), though it can extend to year 6 in certain regions. Children typically attend the primary school closest to their residence.

While efforts have been made to reduce educational disparities between areas, affluent neighborhoods often provide better schooling. The responsibility for primary education and curriculum lies with the German states (Länder), resulting in varying school experiences across the country.

Public primary schools in Germany

Germany provides free primary school education in its various states. While parents may occasionally contribute to equipment costs, schools typically offer most materials at no charge. The number of weekly schooling hours ranges from 20 to 30, increasing with the child's age.

Children attending state primary schools in Germany usually go to the school within their catchment area. If parents wish for their child to attend a different school, they must apply for a place and provide reasons for the request.

The quality of primary education in Germany is generally high, focusing on developing key skills, competencies, and essential understanding in students. Core subjects encompass German literacy, mathematics, science, a foreign language, art, and religion/ethics.

Private primary schools in Germany

Germany has a small percentage, around 5%, of students attending private primary schools. Unlike private secondary schools, private primary schools are less common. Some educational institutions, particularly international and alternative schools, provide both primary and secondary education.

Private primary schools in Germany fall into several categories:

2.   Religious Schools: These schools typically follow the same curriculum as state schools and often receive state subsidies, making them more affordable than fully private options.

3. International and Bilingual Schools: Fully private institutions offering bilingual education with their own curriculum. While they are among the most expensive, they maintain high standards.

4. Waldorf Schools (Waldorfschulen): These state-subsidized alternative schools follow the Rudolf Steiner method of education.

5. Montessori Schools: Another alternative option, Montessori schools, employ the hands-on, development-led Montessori method of education, typically with state subsidies.

Secondary education in Germany

The secondary school system in Germany comprises two main phases. First is the lower phase (sekundarstufe I), typically spanning ages 10 to 15/16 or grades 5 to 9/10, and it's mandatory for all students. The upper phase (sekundarstufe II) is optional and extends until students are 18 years old. In this stage, the focus shifts to vocational training or preparing students for higher education, but the structure can vary between different German states.

Public secondary schools in Germany

Public secondary schools in Germany offer a diverse range of options to accommodate varying academic needs and abilities. Students are placed in different school types based on factors like academic performance, teacher recommendations, and parental preferences. Transferring between these school types is possible if circumstances change. The types of public secondary schools include Gymnasium, which is akin to a grammar school and prepares students for the Abitur final exam required for German universities.

Realschule offers a broader education until around age 15/16, leading to diplomas that enable vocational qualifications or transfer to a Gymnasium for Sekundarstufe II. Hauptschule caters to less academically inclined students, usually until age 15/16, who go on to trade apprenticeships or vocational qualifications. Gesamtschule provides integrated comprehensive education until age 15/16 and aims for inclusivity, while Berufsschule is for sekundarstufe II vocational education, primarily from Realschulen and Hauptschulen.

Private secondary schools in Germany

Private secondary schools in Germany encompass two main categories. Substitute schools, known as ersatzschulen, provide education equivalent to state schools and grant state-recognized qualifications. These include state-subsidized institutions like religious, Waldorf, and Montessori schools, as well as fully independent international and bilingual schools.

On the other hand, supplementary schools, or ergänzungsschulen, focus on teaching subjects not offered in state education and provide alternative qualifications, primarily in the vocational sector. Among these, private international schools are favored by many expatriate families, offering high-quality education with options like the International Baccalaureate or European Baccalaureate, albeit at higher tuition fees.

Support for children with special educational needs (SEN) in Germany

In Germany, children with special educational needs (SEN) may attend mainstream schools or specialized institutions known as Sonderschulen or Förderschulen. The choice depends on the child's specific needs and the resources available in their respective state.

Typically, educational authorities assess SEN status during preschool or early primary years, considering parental input regarding mainstream or specialized education preferences. Mainstream schools provide additional support to integrate SEN students, while specialist schools, with varied focuses like structural learning, intensive support, or special intellectual needs, share similar educational goals with mainstream institutions. Families seeking assistance for children with disabilities can find resources and information on the Intakt website.

Types of German universities

There are three different types of German universities that you need to consider when planning your education path abroad:

Academic universities

Academic universities in Germany emphasize theoretical knowledge and methodological expertise in their programs, regardless of the chosen field of study. Notably, these institutions offer the opportunity to pursue a doctorate, a distinction not typically available at other types of higher education institutions within the German education system.

Universities of Applied Sciences

In the German education system, Universities of Applied Sciences, known as "Fachhochschulen," prioritize practical learning and professional application. These institutions typically offer programs in fields like business, technology, social work, and medicine. A key feature of their academic programs is the "Praxissemester," involving work placements for one or more semesters, often with companies in Germany or abroad.

Colleges of art and music

Colleges of art and music in Germany provide specialized study programs for aspiring musicians and artists seeking professional careers in their respective fields. Some institutions offer a wide spectrum of arts-related subjects, while others concentrate on specific areas such as music or design.

Online Universities in Germany

Online education in Germany has experienced significant growth, particularly in the wake of the global pandemic. The country's online education market has seen the emergence of numerous platforms and applications catering to a wide range of students. This expansion has provided parents with the flexibility to choose the most suitable platform for their children's learning needs.

Notable institutions in the German distance learning landscape include FernUniversität Campus Hagen, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Heidelberg University, Technische Universität München, IU International University of Applied Sciences, University of Freiburg, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, and University of Göttingen. For international students, Germany offers diverse and vibrant cities like Munich, Frankfurt, Berlin, Hamburg, Aachen, Bonn, Dresden, and Stuttgart, each providing a rich cultural and educational experience.

Private vs. public universities

In Germany, the choice between private and public universities presents distinct options for students. The vast majority, over 90%, opt for public universities due to their affordability and high-quality education. Private universities, numbering more than 120 across Germany, often focus on practical, professional-oriented programs. If you seek a curriculum emphasizing practical skills, private institutions may be the route to consider.

Differences in the study environment between private and public universities

Both public and private universities in Germany maintain rigorous academic standards, offering valuable programs for both German and international students. The key difference lies in the study environment. Public universities often grant students more autonomy in managing their schedules, course selection, and exam preparation.

This flexibility requires strong self-organization and academic proficiency. Private universities, on the other hand, typically provide structured timetables and mandatory attendance. The standard study period is often shorter at private institutions, with limited options for extensions. Failure to meet attendance or submission deadlines may incur additional costs. Effective organizational and time management skills are crucial for success at both private and public universities in Germany.

Higher education courses in Germany

Germany offer higher education degrees to both European and international students at three levels: bachelor's, master's, and doctorate.

Bachelor’s Degree in Germany

In Germany, a bachelor's degree is typically the initial qualification one can earn at a university. These programs usually span six to eight semesters, or up to four academic years, depending on the university. Students can choose from degrees like Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.), or Bachelor of Engineering (B. Eng.). With a bachelor's degree, you can already embark on your career, as it often suffices for entry-level positions in Germany and other European countries. However, many students opt to continue their education to enhance their employment prospects further.

Master’s Degree in Germany

In Germany, a master's degree follows a bachelor's degree, providing an opportunity to deepen your knowledge in your chosen field of study. This program allows you to become a high-profile specialist in your area of interest. In many professions, particularly in business, engineering, or accountancy, having a master's degree is considered essential for senior positions.

When selecting a master's course, you can opt for a Master of Arts (M.A.), Master of Science (M.Sc.), or Master of Engineering (M.Eng.), depending on your desired qualifications. Typically, it takes 3-4 semesters to complete the program, which spans up to 2 academic years.

PhD Degree in Germany

Germany is renowned as an attractive destination for pursuing a Ph.D. degree, which represents a third-level higher education qualification. This comprehensive research program typically involves highly specialized individuals working on a specific topic for a period ranging from two to five years. To earn a Ph.D. in Germany, you must successfully present a "Doctorate" based on the results of your research.

It's important to note that there are different types of Ph.D. programs available in Germany. In the traditional model, you'll need to find a supervisor who supports your research topic before starting your studies. Once this arrangement is in place, you can work at your own pace, following the structure you and your supervisor agree upon.

Alternatively, you can opt for a structured Ph.D. program, where you'll likely have a team of supervisors guiding your research, and the program typically spans about three years.

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Scholarships and funding for international students in Germany

While pursuing higher education in Germany, it's important to note that it's not entirely cost-free, although the opportunities it offers can be transformative. International students, particularly those pursuing postgraduate studies, have access to a variety of German scholarships. These scholarships can cover various expenses and are often fully sponsored.

However, it's worth mentioning that undergraduate scholarships are not as commonly available. Additionally, many leading institutions in the European Union, including German universities, participate in the Erasmus program, offering various study programs supported by Erasmus Mundus and Erasmus+ scholarships. These scholarships typically cover essential living expenses, airfare, and tuition fees.

Work Permit and Career Development

In Germany, there are clear regulations governing work permits for international students after graduation. Upon completing your studies, you can apply directly for a post-graduation work permit (PGWP). This program allows you to secure a work permit visa, provided you meet the criteria as a skilled worker in Germany. Building a strong profile can also open doors for permanent residency.

During your academic year, you're allowed to work part-time for up to 20 hours per week, and during breaks, you can work full-time for up to 40 hours per week. This flexibility supports career development for international students in Germany. One of the best job in Germany is nursing.  Advancing your nursing career can be easy in Germany.

FAQs: The German education system

Which European nation is the cheapest for international students?

Among European nations, Italy, Germany, and France are known for offering some of the most affordable options for international students. In Germany, the cost of living typically falls between 700 and 1,000 euros per month. In France, it ranges from 700 to 1,100 euros a month, while in Italy, living costs average between 700 and 950 euros per month. These countries provide a cost-effective environment for international students pursuing their education.

When does education become free in Germany?

Almost all German public elementary and pre-elementary schools are free.

Can a foreign child attend a German public school?

Yes, every foreign student is welcome to enroll in any elementary or secondary school in Germany. The German education system is open to international students, making it accessible for foreign children to attend public schools in the country.

Which nation has the best educational system?

The United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany are the top 3 nations with the strongest educational systems.